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Expelling the Poor: Atlantic Seaboard States and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of American Immigration Policy

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Historians have long assumed that immigration to the USA was once free from regulation until anti-Asian racism at the West Coast triggered the introduction of federal laws to restrict Chinese immigration within the 1880s. Studies of European immigration and government keep watch over at the East Coast have, meanwhile, focused on Ellis Island, which opened in 1892.

In this groundbreaking work, Hidetaka Hirota reinterprets the origins of immigration restriction in the USA, especially deportation policy, offering the first sustained study of immigration keep watch over conducted by states prior to the introduction of federal immigration law. Faced with the influx of impoverished Irish immigrants over the first half of the nineteenth century, nativists in New York and Massachusetts built upon colonial poor laws to develop policies for prohibiting the landing of destitute foreigners and deporting those already resident to Europe, Canada, or other American states. These policies laid the foundations for federal immigration law. By investigating state officials’ practices of illegal removal, including the in a foreign country deportation of citizens, this book reveals how the state-level remedy of destitute immigrants set precedents for the usage of unrestricted power against undesirable aliens. It also traces the transnational lives of the migrants from their initial departure from Ireland and passage to North The us through their expulsion from the USA and postdeportation lives in Europe, showing how American deportation policy operated as a part of the broader exclusion of nonproducing members from societies within the Atlantic world.

By locating the roots of American immigration keep watch over in cultural prejudice against the Irish and, more essentially, economic concerns about their poverty in nineteenth-century New York and Massachusetts, Expelling the Poor fundamentally revises the history of American immigration policy.

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